Fyp 1: Week 8 :- Proposal Final Year Project Progress

RESEARCH ABOUT THE BLUETOOTH MODULE

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). It’s using short-wavelength radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz. Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

Bluetooth operates in the range of 2400–2483.5 MHz (including guard bands). This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. The transmitted data are divided into packets and each packet is transmitted on one of the 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz but Bluetooth 4.0 uses 2MHz spacing which allows for 40 channels. The first channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in 1 MHz steps. It usually performs 1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled.

     1.  Uses

Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other, however a quasi optical wireless path must be viable. Range is power-class-dependent, but effective ranges vary in practice; see the table below.

Class	Maximum permitted power		Typ. Range (m)
	(mW)	(dBm)
Class 1	100	20	~100[14]
Class 2	2.5	4	~10[14]
Class 3	1	0	~1[14]

The effective range varies due to propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are in indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections will cause the range to be far lower than the specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. Most Bluetooth applications are battery powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a Class 2 devices is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission power than a typical Class 2 device.

Version	Data rate	Maximum application throughput
1.2	1 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
2.0 + EDR	3 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
3.0 + HS	24 Mbit/s	See Version 3.0 + HS
4.0	24 Mbit/s	See Version 4.0 LE

Data rate for each Bluetooth version

           2.   Specification and features

All versions of the Bluetooth standards are designed for downward compatibility. That lets the latest standard cover all older versions.

                              i.        Bluetooth v1.0 and v1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.

                            ii.        Bluetooth v1.1

·         Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002

·         Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.

·         Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.

·         Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

                           iii.        Bluetooth v1.2

                               Major enhancements include the following:

·         Faster Connection and Discovery

·   Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.

·         Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in v1.1.

·         Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer.

·         Host Controller Interface (HCI) operation with three-wire UART.

·         Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005

·         Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

                           iv.        Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK. EDR can provide lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.

                            v.        Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR were adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007. The headline feature of 2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. 2.1 allows various other improvements, including "Extended inquiry response" (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode.

                           vi.        Bluetooth v3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification were adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth 3.0+HS provide theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a collocated 802.11 link.

The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11 as a high speed transport. The High-Speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices sporting the "+HS" will actually support the Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth 3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix will not support High Speed, and needs to only support a feature introduced in Core Specification Version 3.0.

                          vii.        Bluetooth Smart (v4.0 & v4.1)

The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols.

      Bluetooth low energy (BLE), previously known as Wibree, is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications running off a coin cell. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions. The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos “Bluetooth Smart Ready” for hosts and “Bluetooth Smart” for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE.

Bluetooth specification Version 4.1 was officially announced in December 4, 2013, and is a software update to existing 4.0 hardware

REFERENCE:

1. http://coweb.cc.gatech.edu/sysHackfest/uploads/126/Bluetooth.pdf
2. http://www.rasmicro.com/Bluetooth/EGBT-045MS046S%20Bluetooth%20Module%20Manual%20rev%201r0.pdf
3. http://www.mobileinfo.com/Bluetooth/how_works.htm

Fyp 1: Week 7 :- Proposal Final Year Project Progress

JOURNAL RESEARCH

Fyp 1: Week 6 :- Proposal Final Year Project Progress

RESEARCH ABOUT THE ANDROID

WHAT IS ANDROID?

                                               

     

     Operating Systems have developed a lot in last 15 years. Starting from black and whites phones to recent smart phones or mini computers mobile  OS has come far away. Especially for smart phones, Mobile OS has greatly evolved from Palm OS in 1996 to Windows pocket PC in 2000 theBlackberry OS and Android. One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is ANDROID. Android is a software bunch comprising not only  operating system but also middleware and key applications. Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto of California, U.S. by Andy Rubin, Rich miner, Nick sears and Chris White in 2003. Later Android Inc. was acquired by Google in 2005. After original release there have been number of updates in the original version of Android.Android is a powerful Operating System supporting a large number of applications in Smart Phones. 

  These applications make life more comfortable and advanced for the users. Hardwares that support Android are mainly based on ARM architecture platform. Android comes with an Android market which is an online software store. It was developed by Google. It allows Android users to select, and download applications developed by third party developers and use them. There are around 2.0 lack+ games, application and widgets available on the market for users.Android is the most popular mobile operating system in the world. While Apple’s iOS (iPhone and iPad) receives lavish attention and has a devout following, Android continues to rack up impressive numbers. In fact, according to figures released as recently as January 2014, Android had an astounding 79 percent worldwide market share in 2013. Part of the reason for this is that Android faces little competition. iOS continues to be its only viable foe, particularly in the United States with about a 41 percent market share. Windows Phone and the ever-fading Blackberry continue to be also-rans.

       All this really means is that a whole lot of people use Android and, time after time, we see people struggling to master it. It’s not that Android is hard to use, in fact, it’s very easy, but earlier versions are often slow and clunky while newer ones have a lot of features you need to learn to make the most of it. Also, people may simply not know or realize many of the ways you can better manage your device rather than it managing you.Android applications are written in java programming language. Android is available as open source for developers to develop applications which can be further used for selling in android market. There are around 200000 applications developed for android with over 3 billion+ downloads. Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. For software development, Android provides Android SDK (Software development kit).

What is Jellybean and Kitkat?

Android has seen nearly 20 versions since version 1.0 was released in 2008. Since 2009 they have been named after deserts or sweets, for example, version 2.3 was known as “Gingerbread.” The most recent version is version 4.4 or “Kitkat.” 

Previous to that was Jelly Bean or version 4.3. Google has labored mightily to improve adoption rates for Android 4.x, but amazingly, over 20 percent of Android devices still run some form of Gingerbread! Contrast that with iOS 7, Apple’s latest mobile operating system, which 87 percent of iPhone and iPad users have installed. Therefore, it’s difficult to write with one single Android version in mind, but we believe in always having the latest version of any operating system installed. Not simply to take advantage of the latest features, but also because Kitkat represents a long effort by Google to hone its operating system so that it works on much older hardware than previous Android versions.If you cannot upgrade to Kitkat, or even Jelly Bean, then it probably means you’re stuck with the version you have until you can buy a new phone or tablet. Don’t worry, most of the information we cover here can still be applied in some way and, if it cannot, you still have this series as a resource when you do finally upgrade.

Android version history

       The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android beta in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is under ongoing development by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since its initial release.Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a confectionery-themed code name and released in alphabetical order; the exceptions are versions 1.0 and 1.1 as they were not released under specific code names:

• Alpha (1.0) 
• Beta (1.1) 
• Cupcake (1.5) 
• Donut (1.6) 
• Eclair (2.0–2.1) 
• Froyo (2.2–2.2.3) 
• Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7) 
• Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6) 
• Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4) 
• Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1) 
• KitKat (4.4–4.4.4)
• Lollipop (5.0–5.0.1) (will release in 2015)

Fyp 1: Week 5 :- FYP Project Proposal Guidelines

I have downloaded the proposal guidelines from the UNIKL BMI FYP website. It is a helpful guideline which includes format of the proposal and examples on how to do it.
Here is a brief summary of the guideline:

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INTRODUCTION

The contents of this guideline shall support the aims, objectives and schemes as specified in the final year project (FYP) Manual and Syllabus. It also explains the marking criteria to guide the award of mark for assessed work.


FORMAT

The project proposal should have the following format:-

Title Page
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Methodology
Objectives
Benefits/ Contributions
Work Plan
Budget
Conclusion
References


PROPOSAL FORMAT


Title Page 
Contains short, descriptive title of the proposed project, includes student’s name, student’s ID number, institution, section/ department, project supervisor’s
name, and date of delivery. 

Table of Contents
List all headings and subheadings with page numbers.

Introduction
Sets the context for the proposed project and must capture the reader’s interest
Explain the background of the study from a broad picture narrowing in on the research/ project question, review what is known about the research topic as far as it is relevant to the research/project, the introduction should be at a level that make it easy to understand for readers with a general science background.

Problem Statement
A short summary of the research problem.

Literature Review
A short and precise overview about the present state of research that is immediately connected with the proposed project, name and discuss the most important contributions of other related projects/findings.

Methodology
Contains an overall description of the approach, materials, and procedures
What methods will be used?
How will data be collected and analyzed?
What materials will be used?
Include calculations, techniques, procedures and equipment
Detail limitations, assumptions, and range of validity

Objectives
Give a concise and clear outline of the aims that the researcher want to achieve from the project.

Benefits/Contributions
Contains explanations on how the new findings/ideas will contribute to the industry/community, reasons on why is it worth knowing and what are the major implications of the research findings.

Work Plan
Details on how the project will be conducted, list the stages of the proposed project, indicate deadlines; set for completing each stage of the project, discuss any particular challenges that need to be overcome.

 Budget 
Estimation on overall cost of the project.

Conclusion 
Explanation on the possible outcomes of the project, discussion on the new knowledge gained from the project, identification of the target user/ areas/ application of the research findings.

References 
List all references cited in the text.